Beginning in 1912, Stutz used four-valve engines, conceptually anticipating modern car engines. The Peugeot Grand Prix car of 1912 and the Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car of 1914 were both four-valve engines, and Daimler and Riley were also using hemispherical combustion chambers at the time. Hemispherical cylinder heads have been used since at least 1901 they were used by the Belgian car maker Pipe in 1905 and by the 1907 Fiat 130 HP Grand Prix racer. Their name reflects the domed cylinder head and the top of the piston enclosing a space that approximates a half of a sphere ( hemi- + -sphere + -ical), although in practice the actual enclosed space is generally less than half. Hemispherical combustion chambers were introduced on some of the earliest automotive engines, shortly after the viability of the internal combustion engine was first demonstrated. Sectioned motorcycle engine, with hemispherical head
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